Axial Cut

An axial cut is a specific type of edit in filmmaking. It creates the effect of jumping forward or backward in space without changing the camera angle. The cut occurs between two shots of the same subject. The camera’s position remains on the same axis or line relative to the subject. However, the shot size, or magnification, changes between the two shots. This creates a sudden “punch in” to a closer shot or a “punch out” to a wider one. The axial cut is a type of jump cut. However, it maintains spatial continuity while creating a noticeable jump.

How an Axial Cut Works

To create an axial cut, a filmmaker first shoots a master shot of a subject. For the second shot, they keep the camera in the same position and angle. They then change the focal length of the lens to magnify the image. For example, they might go from a 50mm lens to an 85mm lens. Alternatively, a filmmaker can physically move the camera closer or further away from the subject. The key is that the camera must stay on the same invisible line, or axis, pointing at the subject.

When an editor cuts these two shots together, the effect is instantaneous. The audience suddenly sees a much closer or wider view of the subject. This technique breaks the 30-degree rule. The 30-degree rule states that the camera should move at least 30 degrees between shots to create a smooth transition. The axial cut intentionally ignores this rule. It uses the “jarring” effect of the jump for a specific purpose.

The Purpose and Effect

Filmmakers use axial cuts to create a sense of emphasis or punctuation. A rapid cut from a medium shot to a close-up can intensify a character’s emotional reaction. It instantly focuses the audience’s attention on a subtle facial expression. This can heighten the drama or tension of a moment. A cut from a wide shot to a medium shot can emphasize a specific action or object. It tells the audience, “Pay attention to this.”

While a traditional jump cut often implies a jump forward in time, an axial cut feels more like a direct, forceful shift in perspective. It maintains the illusion of continuous time. The action does not skip ahead. Instead, our view of the action simply gets closer or more distant.

Historical and Modern Use

Axial cuts were fairly common in early cinema of the 1910s and 1920s. Early filmmakers used this technique as a simple way to direct the audience’s attention. The practice became less common during the classical Hollywood era. Filmmakers of that time preferred the smoother, “invisible” style of continuity editing.

However, the axial cut has never completely disappeared. Modern directors who favor a stylized, graphic aesthetic sometimes use it. Filmmakers like Wes Anderson and Edgar Wright use axial cuts for comedic or dramatic punctuation. The technique is also common in fast-paced action sequences. An editor might use a series of quick axial cuts to intensify the impact of a fight scene. When used deliberately, the axial cut is a powerful tool. It can add a unique rhythm and emphasis to a scene.